Morphological Innovation Drives Sperm Release in Bryophytes
Abstract Plant movements for survival are nontrivial.Antheridia in the moss Physcomitrium patens (P.patens) use motion to eject sperm in the presence of water.However, the biological and mechanical mechanisms that actuate the process are unknown.Here, the burst of the antheridium of P.patens, triggered by water, results from elastic instability and